Adapted from the upcoming 'The Wall Street Journal Guide to Management' by Alan Murray, published by Harper Business.

Leadership and management must go hand in hand. They are not the same thing. But they are necessarily linked, and complementary. Any effort to separate the two is likely to cause more problems than it solves.

Still, much ink has been spent delineating the differences. The manager's job is to plan, organize and coordinate. The leader's job is to inspire and motivate. In his 1989 book 'On Becoming a Leader,' Warren Bennis composed a list of the differences:

The manager administers; the leader innovates.

The manager is a copy; the leader is an original.

The manager maintains; the leader develops.

The manager focuses on systems and structure; the leader focuses on people.

The manager relies on control; the leader inspires trust.

The manager has a short-range view; the leader has a long-range perspective.

The manager asks how and when; the leader asks what and why.

The manager has his or her eye always on the bottom line; the leader's eye is on the horizon.

The manager imitates; the leader originates.

The manager accepts the status quo; the leader challenges it.

The manager is the classic good soldier; the leader is his or her own person.

The manager does things right; the leader does the right thing.

Perhaps there was a time when the calling of the manager and that of the leader could be separated. A foreman in an industrial-era factory probably didn't have to give much thought to what he was producing or to the people who were producing it. His or her job was to follow orders, organize the work, assign the right people to the necessary tasks, coordinate the results, and ensure the job got done as ordered. The focus was on efficiency.

But in the new economy, where value comes increasingly from the knowledge of people, and where workers are no longer undifferentiated cogs in an industrial machine, management and leadership are not easily separated. People look to their managers, not just to assign them a task, but to define for them a purpose. And managers must organize workers, not just to maximize efficiency, but to nurture skills, develop talent and inspire results.

The late management guru Peter Drucker was one of the first to recognize this truth, as he was to recognize so many other management truths. He identified the emergence of the 'knowledge worker,' and the profound differences that would cause in the way business was organized.

With the rise of the knowledge worker, 'one does not 'manage' people,' Mr. Drucker wrote. 'The task is to lead people. And the goal is to make productive the specific strengths and knowledge of every individual.'

領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和管理缺一不可。二者并不是一回事，卻無(wú)疑是相互聯(lián)系、互為補(bǔ)充的。任何將二者分開(kāi)的做法都可能會(huì)造成事倍功半的結(jié)果。

不過(guò)，關(guān)于領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和管理之間區(qū)別的描述已有很多。管理者的工作是計(jì)劃、組織和協(xié)調(diào)。領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的工作則是激勵(lì)人心、鼓舞干勁。華倫•班尼斯(Warren Bennis)在1989年出版的《領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者該做什么》(On Becoming a Leader)一書(shū)中列出了領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者和管理者之間的不同。

-管理者從事管理，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者進(jìn)行創(chuàng)新。

-管理者是“拷貝”，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者是“原版”。

-管理者著重維護(hù)，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者著重發(fā)展。

-管理者關(guān)注系統(tǒng)和結(jié)構(gòu)，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者關(guān)注人。

-管理者依靠控制，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者激發(fā)信任。

-管理者看眼前，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者看長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)。

-管理者問(wèn)的是“怎樣”、“何時(shí)”，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者問(wèn)的是“什么”、“為何”。

-管理者關(guān)注利潤(rùn)，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者縱觀全局。

-管理者模仿，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者創(chuàng)造。

-管理者接受現(xiàn)狀，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者挑戰(zhàn)現(xiàn)狀。

-管理者是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的好兵，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者自有主見(jiàn)。

-管理者把事情做好，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者則做正確的事。

或許曾有一度管理者和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的工作可以被分開(kāi)。工業(yè)時(shí)代，工廠中的工長(zhǎng)或許不需要太多地考慮自己在生產(chǎn)什么或是考慮工人的情況。工長(zhǎng)的工作就是聽(tīng)從命令、組織生產(chǎn)、讓合適的人去完成必要的工作、協(xié)調(diào)結(jié)果、確保工作如指令的一樣完成。他關(guān)注的是效率。

不過(guò)在新經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)代，價(jià)值越來(lái)越多地來(lái)自人們的知識(shí)，工人們不再是機(jī)器上一模一樣的齒輪，在這種情況下，管理和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)不能簡(jiǎn)單地分開(kāi)。人們看著他們的管理者，不光是等他交待工作，還等他給他們定一個(gè)目標(biāo)。管理者們必須組織工人，不光是將效率最大化，還要培養(yǎng)技能、發(fā)展人才、產(chǎn)生結(jié)果。

已故管理大師彼得•德魯克(Peter Drucker，又譯杜拉克)是最先認(rèn)識(shí)到這種變化的人之一，他還發(fā)現(xiàn)了很多其他管理真理。他確定了“知識(shí)工人”的出現(xiàn)，以及由此帶來(lái)的企業(yè)管理方式上的深刻變化。

德魯克寫(xiě)道，隨著知識(shí)工人的崛起，一個(gè)人并不是“管理”其他人，他的任務(wù)是領(lǐng)導(dǎo)其他人，目的是充分發(fā)揮每個(gè)人特有的優(yōu)點(diǎn)和知識(shí)。