GENETIC analyses of human skin are revealing more about what makes us look old. As well as throwing up ways to smooth away wrinkles, the studies may provide a quantifiable way to test claims made for skin products.

    In the past, cosmetics companies relied on subjective assessments of skin appearance, and changes in its thickness, colour and protein composition, to evaluate the effectiveness of their products and work out the quantities of ingredients needed to get the best results. "It was totally hit and miss," says Rosemary Osborne of Procter and Gamble in Cincinnati, Ohio.

    Now skin researchers, including those at P&G, are starting to use DNA microarrays, common in the drugs industry, to measure the expression of thousands of genes in skin of different ages. "It's a way of finding mechanisms that were not known before," says Fernand Labrie, who studies skin genomics at Laval University in Quebec City, Canada.

    P&G recently compared gene expression in skin samples from the buttocks and forearms of 10 young and 10 older women. In older skin, they found a decrease in the expression of genes involved in cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis. More surprisingly, the opposite was true for genes associated with inflammation and other components of the immune system, suggesting that the immune system may play a role in ageing.

    Treating the older skin with niacinamide, which helps skin retain moisture, damped down expression of genes related to inflammation. "We believe that improving the barrier results in a 'resignalling' of key molecular components of the skin," says Jay Tiesman of P&G. Targeting this inflammation might one day help to keep wrinkles at bay. The findings will appear in the Journal of Drugs in Dermatology in July.

    Identifying a "genetic signature" of younger skin should also provide a benchmark for testing existing skin products. For example, P&G is measuring the effects on gene expression of a skin cream ingredient called pal-KT. Previous approaches suggested it increased production of structural skin proteins like collagen and laminin. Gene analysis indicates it also affects the expression of genes involved in wound healing.

    P&G isn't alone, cosmetics firm L'Oréal claims to have identified differences in the way genes in old and young skin respond to physical damage: changes in gene expression began just 6 hours after damage in young skin but took around 30 hours to kick in with older skin. What's more, around 25 genes differ in their response to skin damage in young and old skin, says L'Oréal.

    Rigorous studies in people are needed to confirm that changing gene expression in older skin to match younger skin improves skin quality. "You could find that a molecule is up or down-regulated, but whether that relates to a consumer noticing a difference is a big jump," says Diona Damian at the University of Sydney, Australia.

    If new tools become available for assessing skin products, this could force cosmetics companies to back up claims about their products with hard evidence.

    "If you really want to bring cosmetics into the field of rigorous scientific evidence, genomics may be the best and most quantitative way of doing it," says Labrie.

    究竟是什么讓我們看起來(lái)衰老，通過(guò)對(duì)于人類(lèi)肌膚的基因分析，更多奧秘正在浮出水面。這些研究提出了很多平復(fù)皺紋的方法，也提供了幾種可以用來(lái)測(cè)試化妝品公司所聲稱(chēng)的護(hù)膚品功效的辦法。

    過(guò)去，化妝品公司都是依靠對(duì)肌膚整體外觀(guān)的主觀(guān)評(píng)定，以及肌膚厚度、膚色和蛋白質(zhì)組成的變化情況，來(lái)衡量其產(chǎn)品的效力，以確定要達(dá)到最佳效果所需的各種配方。"完全就是一點(diǎn)一點(diǎn)試出來(lái)的。"來(lái)自俄亥俄州辛辛那提寶潔公司的羅斯瑪麗。奧斯本說(shuō)。

    目前，很多皮膚研究員，包括寶潔公司的皮膚研究員，已經(jīng)開(kāi)始使用制藥業(yè)中常用的DNA微序列來(lái)分析不同年齡肌膚中上千基因的表達(dá)式。"用這種辦法可以發(fā)現(xiàn)一些以往未可知的機(jī)理。"在加拿大魁北克市拉瓦爾大學(xué)研究肌膚基因組學(xué)的費(fèi)爾南多。萊柏瑞說(shuō)。

    寶潔最近在一項(xiàng)研究中取10位年輕女性和10位年長(zhǎng)女性的臀部和前臂肌膚樣本，比對(duì)其基因表達(dá)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，年長(zhǎng)者的肌膚中膽固醇和脂肪酸合成物的基因表達(dá)有所衰減。然而更令人驚訝的是，與免疫系統(tǒng)中炎癥和其他成分相關(guān)的基因卻正好相反-表達(dá)有所增長(zhǎng)，這說(shuō)明免疫系統(tǒng)在衰老的過(guò)程中起了很重要的作用。

    用有助于保濕的煙酰胺來(lái)處理衰老肌膚，可以使與炎癥相關(guān)基因的表達(dá)式有所衰減。"我們相信通過(guò)阻礙其增長(zhǎng)，可以使肌膚的關(guān)鍵分子組成'重新發(fā)出信號(hào)'."寶潔公司的杰伊。緹斯曼說(shuō)。針對(duì)炎癥細(xì)胞的各種措施，很有可能能夠有效地牽制皺紋的生長(zhǎng)。這些發(fā)現(xiàn)結(jié)果將會(huì)刊登在7月的Journal of Drugs in Dermatology .

    對(duì)于年輕肌膚"基因簽章"的識(shí)別，同樣也會(huì)為現(xiàn)有的各種護(hù)膚品提供測(cè)試基準(zhǔn)。例如，寶潔正在測(cè)量潤(rùn)膚霜中一種叫做"pal-KT"的成分對(duì)于基因表達(dá)所起的效用。之前的研究結(jié)果顯示它可以增加膠原蛋白、層粘連蛋白等肌膚結(jié)構(gòu)蛋白的生成�；�因分析表明它對(duì)與傷口愈合相關(guān)基因的表達(dá)也有一定作用。

    寶潔并非唯一在做此類(lèi)研究的公司，歐萊雅聲稱(chēng)已發(fā)現(xiàn)年老和年輕肌膚中，基因?qū)τ谖锢硇該p壞的反應(yīng)有所不同：年輕肌膚損傷6小時(shí)后，基因表達(dá)即有變化，而年老肌膚則需要30小時(shí)左右。更有甚者，二者相比，約25種基因的反應(yīng)有差異，歐萊雅說(shuō)。

    改變年老肌膚的基因表達(dá)式，使其與年輕肌膚相同，可以有助于改善肌膚質(zhì)量-要證實(shí)這一點(diǎn)還需要做很多縝密的研究。"你可能會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)某種分子被人為控制增長(zhǎng)或衰減，但它引起的差異是否能被消費(fèi)者注意到，這是一個(gè)飛躍。"澳洲悉尼大學(xué)的戴奧娜。達(dá)米安說(shuō)。

    如果這種評(píng)定護(hù)膚品的新辦法研制成功，化妝品公司將會(huì)被強(qiáng)制要求提供確鑿證據(jù)來(lái)證明其聲稱(chēng)的產(chǎn)品功效。

    "如果你確實(shí)想找到能證明化妝品功效的嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)目茖W(xué)依據(jù)，那么基因組學(xué)是最佳的量化分析的辦法。"萊柏瑞說(shuō)。