Scientists are finding that, after all, love really is down to a chemical addiction between people

科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)愛(ài)情確實(shí)是人與人之間的一種化學(xué)成癮現(xiàn)象。

OVER the course of history it has been artists, poets and playwrights who have made the greatest progress in humanity's understanding of love. Romance has seemed as inexplicable as the beauty of a rainbow. But these days scientists are challenging that notion, and they have rather a lot to say about how and why people love each other.

在漫長(zhǎng)的歷史長(zhǎng)河中，藝術(shù)家、詩(shī)人和劇作家在人類對(duì)于愛(ài)的理解上做出了巨大成就。古往今來(lái)，愛(ài)的浪漫被視為霓虹，美得難以言狀。而最近，科學(xué)家們卻向這種觀念發(fā)出了挑戰(zhàn)，并且對(duì)戀人們?nèi)绾闻c為什么相愛(ài)做出許多新的解釋。

Is this useful? The scientists think so. For a start, understanding the neurochemical pathways that regulate social attachments may help to deal with defects in people's ability to form relationships. All relationships, whether they are those of parents with their children, spouses with their partners, or workers with their colleagues, rely on an ability to create and maintain social ties. Defects can be disabling, and become apparent as disorders such as autism and schizophrenia—and, indeed, as the serious depression that can result from rejection in love. Research is also shedding light on some of the more extreme forms of sexual behaviour. And, controversially, some utopian fringe groups see such work as the doorway to a future where love is guaranteed because it will be provided chemically, or even genetically engineered from conception.

這真的有用嗎？科學(xué)家們確實(shí)如是考慮。首先，讓我們先來(lái)了解一下可調(diào)節(jié)社會(huì)附屬關(guān)系的神經(jīng)化學(xué)路徑, 這有助于我們解決某些缺乏建立人際能力人群的問(wèn)題。對(duì)于所有關(guān)系而言——無(wú)論是父母與子女間的親情關(guān)系、夫妻間的婚姻關(guān)系，還是同事間的伙伴關(guān)系，全都依賴于一種建立并保持社會(huì)性紐帶的能力。這種能力的缺損可使個(gè)人喪失行為能力并導(dǎo)致明顯的心理紊亂，如自閉癥和精神分裂癥，正如將戀愛(ài)拒之門外可導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的沮喪一樣。研究者們同樣把目光投向了若干形式更為極端的性行為。有爭(zhēng)議的是, 一些理想化且處于前沿領(lǐng)域的團(tuán)體視該項(xiàng)工作為通向未來(lái)的一道大門。那時(shí)愛(ài)情將不會(huì)有任何風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，因?yàn)樵从谶@個(gè)概念的化學(xué)或基因工程便可能將其變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實(shí)。

The scientific tale of love begins innocently enough, with voles. The prairie vole is a sociable creature, one of the only 3% of mammal species that appear to form monogamous relationships. Mating between prairie voles is a tremendous 24-hour effort. After this, they bond for life. They prefer to spend time with each other, groom each other for hours on end and nest together. They avoid meeting other potential mates. The male becomes an aggressive guard of the female. And when their pups are born, they become affectionate and attentive parents. However, another vole, a close relative called the montane vole, has no interest in partnership beyond one-night-stand sex. What is intriguing is that these vast differences in behaviour are the result of a mere handful of genes. The two vole species are more than 99% alike, genetically.

關(guān)于愛(ài)情的科學(xué)傳說(shuō)非常無(wú)辜地始于田鼠。草原田鼠作為一種社會(huì)性生物，它是僅存3%的“一夫一妻制”哺乳動(dòng)物中的一類。對(duì)“戀愛(ài)”中的草原田鼠來(lái)說(shuō)，交配是一項(xiàng)耗時(shí)24小時(shí)的宏偉工程。一旦“結(jié)婚”，小倆口便終生相伴，直到天荒地老�！胺蚱迋z”寧愿在一起共度時(shí)光，為彼此梳理毛發(fā)，同筑愛(ài)巢也不去搞“婚外戀”。平時(shí)，“丈夫”是“妻子”好斗的“護(hù)花使者”，而幼崽一旦出生，它們又即刻成為摯愛(ài)并專一的父母。然而，另一種被稱作山區(qū)田鼠的，作為草原田鼠近親，除了一夜情之外，它們對(duì)穩(wěn)定的伴侶關(guān)系毫無(wú)興趣。令人不解的是這些行為中的巨大差異卻僅僅源于一小撮基因。如就基因而言，這兩個(gè)物種超過(guò)99％的部分絕無(wú)二致。